Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION

PRODUCT NAME

ZIRCONYL PERCHLORATE

NFPA

PRODUCT USE

Oxidising agent. Regeant

SYNONYMS

Cl2-O9-Zr, ZrO(ClO4)2, "perchloric acid, zirconyl salt", "zirconium diperchlorate oxide"

Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW

RISK

Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
Irritating to eyes.

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS

ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS

SWALLOWED

  Accidental ingestion of the material may be damaging to the health of the individual.  Because inorganic zirconium is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract, acute oral toxicity is low. Injection is much more dangerous, causing progressive depression until death.  Symptoms of exposure to perchlorates include shortness of breath, difficulty breathing and a bluish discoloration of the skin. The effects may be delayed for several hours following exposure. Nausea, vomiting, rashes, fever may occur; there may be anemia (which can be fatal), loss of platelets and white blood cells.  Nausea and vomiting are almost always apparent after chlorate poisonings usually with upper stomach pain. Diarrhea may also occur. Chlorates are poisonous to the kidney and this can cause death. Healing can be slow and kidney symptoms last weeks. Often there is severe blood cell damage.  

EYE

  This material can cause eye irritation and damage in some persons.  

SKIN

  Skin contact is not thought to have harmful health effects, however the material may still produce health damage following entry through wounds, lesions or abrasions.  There is some evidence to suggest that this material can cause inflammation of the skin on contact in some persons.  The external application of zirconium can cause nodules in the skinof the armpits.  Open cuts, abraded or irritated skin should not be exposed to this material.  Entry into the blood-stream, through, for example, cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Examine the skin prior to the use of the material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected.  

INHALED

  There is some evidence to suggest that the material can cause respiratory irritation in some persons. The body's response to such irritation can cause further lung damage.  Persons with impaired respiratory function, airway diseases and conditions such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, may incur further disability if excessive concentrations of particulate are inhaled.  Zirconium workers exposed to fume for 1-5 years showed no abnormalities due to zirconium. Animal studies also reveal a low order of hazard from inhaled zirconium.  

CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS

  Limited evidence suggests that repeated or long-term occupational exposure may produce cumulative health effects involving organs or biochemical systems.  Based on experience with animal studies, there is a possibility that exposure to the material may result in toxic effects to the development of the fetus, at levels which do not cause significant toxic effects to the mother.  Long term exposure to high dust concentrations may cause changes in lung function i.e. pneumoconiosis; caused by particles less than 0.5 micron penetrating and remaining in the lung. Prime symptom is breathlessness; lung shadows show on X-ray.  Chronic and/or sub-lethal exposure to inorganic chlorate may have deleterious effects on human health, such as redness of the eyes and skin (including dermatitis), sore throat, abdominal pain, blue lips or skin, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, and unconsciousness. Sodium chlorate may damage the liver, kidneys, and blood cells of humans. Subchronic chlorate exposure was associated with smaller body and organ weights, blood abnormalities and pituitary and thyroid abnormalities in one study using Sprague-Dawley rats.  Chlorate is a thyroid toxicant producing thyroid gland follicular cell hypertrophy in rats and mice following chronic exposures, and may produce follicular cell tumors in rats. The lack of mutagenicity indicates that the thyroid tumors are induced by a non-  mutagenic mechanism and are therefore not likely to be carcinogenic. The effects may be attributed to changes in levels of thyroid hormones seen after administration of high doses of sodium chlorate. In female mice there was equivocal and marginal evidence of increased pancreatic islet carcinoma. Sodium chlorate was negative in most bacterial gene mutation assays and in several cytogenetics tests, including a hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) assay in Chinese hamster ovaries and a micronucleus assay.  Intramuscular administration of potassium chlorate to pregnant rats resulted in a prolonged gestation period in most cases, and reduced neonatal weight relative to the controls. According to the author, newborn rats also showed a "marked" increase of haematopoietic residue and lipid deposit over controls, and occasionally, exposure resulted in the appearance of hyaline droplets and casts in newborn kidneys . The number of animals per treatment group/number affected, duration of exposure, and information on dose levels was not available. African green monkeys (five males and seven females) were used to study the thyroid effects of sodium chlorate when administered for 30-60 days as chlorate at concentrations of 4, 7.5, 15, 30 or 58.4 mg/kg bw per day. Chlorate did not induce thyroid depression. Chlorate did not induce a dose-dependent oxidative stress, as was observed in the case of chlorite.  Female rats were exposed to 1 or 10 mg chlorate/L in their drinking water for ten weeks. Fetuses were taken on the 20th day of gestation and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. No significant adverse findings were reported. No chromosomal abnormalities were seen in either the micronucleus test or a cytogenetic assay in mouse bone marrow cells following gavage dosing with chlorate.  Perchlorates may affect the use of iodine by the thyroid gland and chronic exposures may result in symptoms of thyroid dysfunction such as goiter.  Zirconium can accumulate in the spleen. Oral administration has not beenshown to cause any ill effects.